The Well Known Phrase Of Love - 995 Words

The well-known phrase of love. But In this poem they go deeper and talk about how this is really relative to life itself or the logical reasoning behind this. The main idea in this is to live your life but in some cases live it for the sake of others or to support others and yourself. Like for example you want to become a doctor but the school you need to attend needs a certain amount of money that you don’t possess, so you either continue and put your parents in debt or make a life changing decision and pursue a different career. Another example could be if you pay the bills in the house and you can either go forward to pursue learning another skill to possess a job or pay the bills to guarantee your son a future and happy life. We are first introduced to Titania with her fighting with Oberon about the Indian boy and she goes on to tell us the real reason why she doesn’t want to let Oberon have the Indian boy. We witness Toms attitude towards women which during the conversation Tom cuts off any women speaking because he doesn’t want to hear it. A clear similarity is shown throughout their actions like how George is attempting to treat Myrtle like an object and Tom having no respect for women and thinking their conversation is a waste of time by cutting them off. both situation in the chapter where they committed some type of violent action. Now we know why she holds on to the boy and doesn’t let Oberon make him his henchman. We see she holds the characteristics of carefulShow MoreRelated Advertising and Its Impact on Children Essays1552 Words   |  7 PagesAdvertising has had a powerful impact on today’s children. From songs, to logos, to characters, advertisers keep in mind their audiences. Competition is the force which causes advertisers to target children. 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The author compiles a variety of studies and research data to prove her claim that love is the product of neural coupling, oxytocin in the brain, and the work of the vagus nerve. Fredrickson presents a well-rounded claim, but there are some deficienciesRead More How does Emily Bronte present Heathcliff in the novel Wuthering Heights?1076 Words   |  5 PagesHow does Emily Bronte present Heathcliff in the novel Wuthering Heights? The novel Wuthering Heights is a gothic tale of love, loss, and redemption. Heathcliff who is one of the lead characters is presented to the reader in many forms throughout the novel. He is portrayed as a man who loves a woman, vindictive and as an outcast. He is also very demanding and appears to be an evil person. During Heathcliffs early years at the Earnshaws home, it is obvious that Heathcliff shows his vindictiveRead MoreMusic Plays A Influence On My Life988 Words   |  4 Pagesor worship to God. 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Alice Walkers The Welcome Table An Analysis - 704 Words

The Welcome Table: An Analysis In the short story, The Welcome Table by Alice Walker, the theme is about ones faith is stronger than ones circumstances. Clugston constantly reminds the reader that the plot tells one what happens in the story, but the theme tells one what the story is about (7.1). While this distinction might be hazy for some readers, essentially Clugston is alluding to the fact that the theme of a story is the deeper meaning of message that the author is trying to construct. It would be boring to read a story where they author creates characters that openly discuss the theme in plain black and white language. Rather, Walker, by creating fascinating and intriguing fictional characters who are thrown into imagined lives that best embody the theme, the reader can almost more memorably appreciate the theme and the related concepts. Walker also demonstrates that time has not swept aside the issues of racism (Bates, 59). Numerous literary elements are used by Walker to sho wcase how ones faith is stronger and more immediate than ones circumstances. Walker does this most aptly in her meticulous description of the old woman, through the use of character, metaphor and simile: She was angular and lean and the color of poor gray Georgia earth, beaten by kingcotton and the extreme weather. Her elbows were wrinkled and thick, the skin ashenbut durable, like the bark of old pines. On her face centuries were folded into thecircles around one eye, while around theShow MoreRelatedOpression and Inequality2595 Words   |  11 PagesInequality within The Welcome Table and Country Lovers ENG 125 Introduction to Literature April 16, 2012 - 1 - [no notes on this page] RACISM, OPPRESSION AND INEQUAL 2 â€Å"Racism, Oppression, and Inequality within The Welcome Table and Country Lovers† In this paper I will analyze the similarities and differences between Country Lovers written in 1975 by Nadine Gordimer, and The Welcome Table written in 1970 by Alice Walker. The overall theme and concept between The Welcome Table and Country Lovers

The Dj Essay free essay sample

The DC About fifteen years ago a culture was born. In Europe a new type of music was being created. Something new, something fresh. A music fueled by throbbing beats over rattling bass. This is electronic music. The mastermind behind this whole up and coming culture was and is the DC. In the past five years have become more and more popular everyday. Some people who are not aware of this music or this culture might argue that being a DC Is not a serious profession for various reasons. Throughout this paper I will prove these notions false.As support I will provide the history of the DC, hat exactly it is, insight from various Dos and much more. It all began about fifteen years ago. In towns In Europe people started throwing secret parties, small parties more of a social event to party and have fun. At these parties there would Dos spinning early electronic sounds and dancing. Not too long after that word started to spread and more and more people wanted to party. So the people throwing these parties sought out bigger places to have these parties that could accommodate more people.It grew so fast that secret Information phone lines were created to prevent problems with the authorities. Over the next few years more and more people grew to love these parties for the music and the overall atmosphere. Also more and more electronic artists started to surface. As popular as these events were the truth Is without the DC none of It would have been possible. In the early nineties this growing underground movement started to form slowly In the united States and other countries. These parties soon took on the name of raves.In Europe these raves grew constantly. Soon there were raves being thrown with five to ten thousand people In attendance. Soon thereafter we started to see not only the Roth of a music and culture but also a new Industry. There started to be more and more electronic artists surfacing everyday. The technology increased very fast every year more new equipment allowed new creative boundaries to be broken. Soon the DC slowly started to become more of the focal point of these raves. Dos started to be the attractions of these raves Instead of Just a place to have fun.The ADS started to make names for themselves along with this came different styles of Digging. One of the first styles of electronic music created was house music. This music quickly moved onto nightclubs and raves. Soon thereafter many different styles of electronic music were born. Such as, break beat, drum and bass, hard house, trance, progressive trance, big beat, and happy hardcore(www. Clearance. Com). Dos started to specialize in certain types of electronic music. Some started to consider themselves not Just as Dos but also artists.The music became more about expression and unity. In a recent documentary drum and bass artist Iron Size says(Better Living Through Circuitry) When I step behind the tables at a party Its more than Just playing tracks for a group f people. Its like my goal to take these people to a place they have not been before. 1 OFF all into a new place together. Its an art form! As you can see by this statement these Dos take their Jobs seriously. Soon Dos started to not only put out many mix cads but also they started producing their own tracks.I think that this was a great breakthrough in this type of music. Over the past few years some of the best electronic albums put out have been by Dos. Dos soon started to go on their own tours, playing venues that rock bands play at. They were not only playing at these ensues but also selling them out at the same time. Perfect evidence of this comes from a book The Ambient Century, Dance music exploded into a phenomenon that seemed to have no end. As the music mutated, new forms were thrown up by the year.Ambient House and Ambient Techno were mind blaming responses to the intensity of the club culture. Trip-hop and Drum and Bass were UK black variations of what was originally an innovation by black Americans. Rock music absorbed House and Techno, and Dos and electronics began to tour and act like rock stars. As one entry tipped into another, dance music was still a primary source of interest and creativity as Trance, a futuristic blend of technology and House and Techno, became a chart-topping, globe girdling sensation( Preponderates pig 367). Another great more specific example of this is Paul Gentlefolk as written in Last night a DC saved my life, When Paul Gentlefolk plays records in a club, every person on the dance floor will be facing him. Just like theyd face a rock band on a stage. Theres not much to see: a baseball cap maybe, a studious face leaning into a pair of headphones, some animal arm movements as he slides in another flawless mix.Occasionally he might throw his hands up in excitement, smile out in response to a particularly grand track, or share a wink with some energetic fan, and when he does, therell be a sea of hands aloft, a breakout of waving and grinning, an ocean of smiling dancers mirroring his every gesture. For he is a superstar( Brewster pig 384). Along with these tours came annual festivals. Huge festivals every year with sometimes over a hundred thousand people in attendance. Some of these are Love Parade and Gatecrasher( www. Leveraged. Com)( www. Gatecrasher. Mom). Just like any music industry this one soon started having conventions.The biggest one is the Winter Music Conference( www. Woman. Com). This usually includes anybody and everybody in electronic music. A three day long festival including a showcase of the new gear and equipment and the best talent in the music performing. In Europe now Dos are becoming bigger than rock stars. They walk down the street and people flock. Dos like this are Potboy Slim, Paul Gentlefolk, Carl Cox and John Deigned( www. Yahoo. Com). So now that you have a brief background on the history of Dos you might wonder what efferent types of Jobs are available out there for Dos.Well first of all there is the kind of Digging I have been mainly focusing on that is the rave D]. There are also many opportunities for work these days in night clubs all over the world. The night club industry now is becoming a very large industry. Some are saying even more so that the days of Studio Fifty-Four. Also there are a lot of Jobs as mobile Dos. These Dos usually work for a company. These companies do parties, weddings, and all sorts of special events. On a cruise I went on last summer I met a mobile DC that works out of Houston. He said, Even though I have a degree in D].I can pull in 60,000 to 70,000 a year if I work hard. This alone shows how in need the world is of Dos. So now that you have a good idea of the history of Dos and what Jobs are available you might be wondering what it takes to be a good DC. Well this question all depends on whom you ask. So I have collaborated different idea of what a good DC is. First of all a good DC has to know the music he is spinning. Not only does he have to know it like the back of his hand but also they have to have a love for the music. Without the eve and passion for this Job then it changes from an art form to Just playing music.A good DC has to have knowledge of the crowd and how to work them into frenzy. Many different little skills are all combined together to make a great DC. DC Tony Humphreys who has worked professionally since 1977 and has been a major influence on his peers in New York City, speaks from an underground perspective on a good D]: Dos have to understand the concept of programming. How to break a record. How to play with records, repeat intros, lengthen breaks, endings. .. There is an art to reclaiming your set.. .. The DC who plays all his hottest records in a row is not doing his Job right.You cant play all your best material all at once because you want to save some of it for later in the evening. The DC does not into that power record the same way the crowd does. You are supposed to be separate from the crowd. Youre supposed to be into exposing them to new material. So, what you do is play a track, followed by something new and then you back it up with something they know and like. Its like a train ride. The crowd becomes trustworthy that you will come back with meeting they like. Its the fifteen-minute game. About every third song, you give them a well known song.After one hour, the crowd has been exposed to ten new records. That way, you please yourself and the crowd. Larry Eleven was great at this. The most important thing to remember is that musical content, how you program, is more important than actual mixing skills sometimes( Efficiencies pop). As you can see there are many different things that a DC has to know. Another view of a good DC was taken from a book called Last night a DC saved my life, At its most basic Digging is he act of presenting a series of records for an audiences enjoyment.So at the simplest level a DC is a presenter. This is what radio Dos do, they introduce music. However the club DC has largely abandoned this role for something more musically creative. To become a good DC you have to develop the hunger. You have to search for new records with the insane zeal of a gold rush prospector digging in a blizzard. The essence of the Dos craft is selecting which records to play and in what order. A great DC should be able to move a crowd on the most primitive equipment.More than anything else, its how sensitively a DC can interact with a crowd. A good DC isnt Just stringing records together, hes controlling the relationship between some music and hundreds of people. A good DC is always looking at the crowd, seeing what they like, seeing whether its working or not; communicating with them, smiling at them. And a bad DC is always looking down at the decks and Just doing whatever they practiced in their bedroom( Brewster pig 9). As you can see its not as easy as it might first appear a lot of time and dedication to gain the knowledge.

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities System. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of this essay is to provide a brief overview about the social perspectives related to the social determinants of health. Social perspectives of health refer to condition under that the people in a community are born, grown and live etc. It refers to the circumstances that are shaped for people living in the society by the way of circulation of income, control, and resources at global as well as local levels. This process mainly explains about the health inequalities which is the unfair and unavoidable different in health. These are also linked to the economy and the social conditions present in the environment. There is difference in health status of different people that creates an impact on their wellbeing as well. The social determinants should support the health of people in the society so as to bring equality in the society (Ferrer, 2018). Further, the below mentioned essay provides a brief explains of the two sociological theories that explains social determinants o f health and their comparison with the medical model of health. The conflict theory explains about the economic and political structures present in the society that creates social division, inequality and conflicts. The conflict theory is a perspective of the social, material or political inequality of a group that affects the wellness and ideology of a person present in the society. In the traditional times, sociologists argues on conflict theory that the society and the economy creates social divisions and class that produce conflicts and then reproduce them as well. Some theories explain that the conflict theory ideological thought of people but it is now believed that this theory is not based on the peace and conflicts studies of society (Rubin, 2016). Further, the conflict theory is somewhat related to the theory defined by Karl Marx. Marx explained that the conflict theory mainly relates to the Marxism; this aspect suggested that capitalism (socio-economic system which includes the private ownership of resources) like the other socioeconomic system creates a predictable tension under a person which leads to self-destruction. Further, Marx also explained a radical change and revolution in the society which explained the freedom from ruling classes in the society. Further, he also explained the ways in which the society was shaped; the community in which people live is suppressed by the capitalist people who initiate all the operations and decisions in the community (Pacquiao, 2016). Relating it to the private property right, just as people see that the property that they hold is now going to be forwarded to their children which is a natural process, so many people present in the capitalist society believes that a rich person has e arned reputation in the society by working hard and educating themselves properly, while the poor people are lacking skills and caliber. After looking this type of assumption, Marx rejected the prevailing culture and thinking of people. As, the traditional thinking of people explained the social problems as the shortcoming of personalities not the defects in the society (Smith, 2016). If a person in the society is unable to attain good health or proper education then it is not their fault, nor they inherited it from their ancestors but it is the issues present in the society that are stopping them from growth. Under this theory, the practitioner Marx wanted create differentiation in the society by creating class consciousness under which people believe that all of them are unified and they cannot be differentiated as per capitalist society. The main aim of this theory was to rise upon in contradiction of the capitalist society and overthrow it from the society in which they live. Tw o other theorists also explained their views on the conflict theory namely the American sociologist and paleontologist Lester F. Ward (18411913) and Polish-Austrian sociologist political theorist Ludwig Gumplowicz and (18381909). Both of the people developed their view of the theories independently but their thinking was mostly common and correct approach for the society. They focused on the anthropological and evolutionary aspects not just the economic point of view (Garg, Boynton-Jarrett, Dworkin, 2016). Wright Mills is viewed as a founder of modern conflict theory, according to him social structure is created by conflicts between people having different opinions and resources in the society. And in turn the resources and individual are influenced by the social structure. So, this activity happens in a circular motion where both aspects are dependent on each other. Do, it should be noted, that no actions should be taken in the society that increase the destruction and conflicts. The Marxism theory is associated with this case but it is not dependent on a single status (Strauss, 2017). Another approach that is related to the social determinants of health is the symbolic interactionism approach. Under this approach, the main emphasis is laid on the health and as a social construction. This states that various corporal and psychological conditions do not have objective reality but they are measured to be healthy or ill only when they are exclaimed by the society and its people. The symptoms stated by people define their illness or wellness. Thus, it should be noted that health and illness are socially constructed by people; it depends upon their actions and activities that shows and determines their state of health. People suffering from hyperactive disorder tend to explain their problem in more elaborative ways which makes people think that they are suffering from major issues and it is also declared by them. The symbolic interactionists believe that objects attain their identity only through the interaction initiated between people that bring output to things (Baum , 2016). Further, it should be noted that under this theory the interactionists mainly works on the ways to find out the causes to illness in a person. The medical term medicalization of deviance refers to the state of a person when bad behavior changes into sick behavior and demedicalization refers to the process under which sick actions is standardized again. Medicalization and demedicalization affect who replies to the patient, how people answer to patients and how people see the person accountability of a patient (Barker, Quennerstedt, Annerstedt, 2015). Relating it to an example it should be noted that in earlier times, people who used to drink a lot were categorized as bad and lazy people and they proclaimed as drunks. But now in the current era, this habit of excessively drinking is found in most of the people which are now defined as a disease or a hereditary tendency to addiction (Denzin, 2017). Further, by understanding alcoholism as a disease but not as personal wish, the fact app eared to be more understanding. Thus, in this way badness was transformed into illness. Lastly, it should also be noted that as interactionism is subjective to the behavior of people, so when the activities are defined as illness then the pharmacological corporations make money by treating such illness which are not even illness (Nicholls, et. al., 2016). Relating the above two models with the medical model of health, it should be noted that both the aspects and their models have different approaches to rectify the wellness and wellbeing of people present in the society. Under the medical model of health, it is believed that illness of a person can only be treated through medication; there are no other ways to treat a person. Drugs and medicines are important for the patients as they only will cure the diseases of the person. Also, it should be noted that this model does not looks for the cause of the issues like social model instead they only believes in curing the disease through bio-medical ways (Charkazi, et. al., 2014). Contradicting to this, the social models explained above (conflict and symbolic) focus on cause and the ways that define the problem of illness of a person. These model states that there are many other reasons apart from the medical issues that can cause illness in a person like economies present in the environmen t, poverty, personal opinions etc. Further, under the medical model, the doctor examines the health of patient and provides them drugs accordingly they do not look for the cause of the disease. For instance, if a person is suffering from the problem of insomniac, this is not an actual problem but there can be various reasons due to which a person is unable to sleep like tension, stress etc. So, under the medical model the doctor will provide sleeping pills to the patient so that they can sleep properly but under the social model the symbolic interactionists model will determine the case and reason due to which the person is feeling insomniac and cure them accordingly (Mackelprang, Salsgiver, 2016). Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events it should be noted that all the models have their different use and significance at different place. Some cases can treated through social model while other requires medical attention. So, the above mentioned essay explains the difference in these models. References Barker, D., Quennerstedt, M., Annerstedt, C. (2015). Learning through group work in physical education: A symbolic interactionist approach.Sport, Education and Society,20(5), 604-623. Baum, F. (2016).The new public health(No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press. Charkazi, A., Fazli, L., Alizadeh, F., Fazelnia, A., Bakhsha, F. (2014). Regular physical activity based on transtheoretical model among Health and Paramedic Schools of Golestan University of Medical Sciences.Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion,1(4), 57-68. Denzin, N. K. (2017).The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Routledge. Ferrer, R. L. (2018). Social Determinants of Health. InChronic Illness Care(pp. 435-449). Springer, Cham. Garg, A., Boynton-Jarrett, R., Dworkin, P. H. (2016). Avoiding the unintended consequences of screening for social determinants of health.Jama,316(8), 813-814. Mackelprang, R. W., Salsgiver, R. (2016).Disability: A diversity model approach in human service practice. Oxford University Press. Nicholls, D. A., Atkinson, K., Bjorbkmo, W. S., Gibson, B. E., Latchem, J., Olesen, J., ... Setchell, J. (2016). Connectivity: An emerging concept for physiotherapy practice.Physiotherapy theory and practice,32(3), 159-170. Pacquiao, D. F. (2016). Social Determinants of Health.Global Health Care: Issues and Policies, 159. Rubin, I. L. (2016). Social Determinants of Health. InHealth Care for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities across the Lifespan(pp. 1919-1932). Springer, Cham. Smith, I. H. (2016). From Cultivation to Consumption: Linking Urban Agriculture, Nutritional Sciences, Environmental Sciences, and Telehealth to Food Deserts and the Social Determinants of Health.Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,5(1), 20-24. Strauss, A. L. (2017).Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Routledge.

Indias Economic Reforms Essay Example

Indias Economic Reforms Essay Why Did Economic Reforms become necessary in India? What were the results of economic reforms? India’s economy, which had been one of the largest in the world till about three hundred years ago, had steadily deteriorated during the period of British Rule which lasted till 1947. The agricultural sector suffered the most which resulted in famines and extreme poverty. The yield per acre was low and there was a persistent threat of drought and flood. There was no efficient irrigation facility. The food production was stagnant or was falling. There was no industry to manufacture goods and only the textile industry faced the industry manufactured goods from Britain. GDP growth was almost zero. In 1947, after independence Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, highly impressed with the Soviet Model of economic development, added elements of this model into the Mixed Economy model which was to be introduced in India. This included centralised planning. The Socialist Model advocated government intervention to guide the economy, including state ownership of key industries. The objective of this strategy was to achieve high and balanced economic development while introducing programs and measures to help the poor. The belief was that industrialisation was the key to economic development. As there were few entrepreneurs capable of bringing in large scale industrialisation and hence introducing a market economy would not be feasible, it was decided that the government would take the initiative to in this regard. Hence it was believed that the Soviet model would be the ideal one to adopt in this regard. We will write a custom essay sample on Indias Economic Reforms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Indias Economic Reforms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Indias Economic Reforms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nehru was also influenced by Socialist thinkers like P C Mahalanobis. Hence this model is also known as Nehruvian Mahalanobis model. It was this model that India followed for several years up to the 1970s. Economic growth till the 1980s was very low if not negligible. During the period from 1950 to 1970s it is believed that there was a near stagnation of economic growth as a result of the Nehruvian economic model. But a closer look reveals that there was increase in GDP growth over each decade though quite low. There was not mush improvement in the agricultural sector till the late 1960s. The Soviet model carried the criticism that industrial development is at the cost of agriculture. The agricultural sector’s performance during this period indicated that there may be some truth in this statement. If the green revolution had not taken place, India would have faced a grave crisis in the 1970s. In India, between 1950 and 1990, the proportion GDP contributed by agriculture declined significantly but not the population depending on it. The formation of Planning Commission in 1950 and the five year plans, gave greater importance to agricultural growth and the agricultural sector gained in prominence. In the 1960s, improved agricultural practices, better seeds and use of fertilizer, soil and water conservation, land development, land consolidation, agricultural credit and marketing and price incentive resulted in improved agricultural productivity and it is the reason why India enjoys relative food security today. Till then growth in the agricultural sector was negligible. There were internal contradictions. India had needed rapid industrialisation along with supporting the poor. Rapid industrialisation required a shift of resources from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector. 0 percent of the population were depended on agriculture and lived in the countryside hence supporting them required directing of resources to the rural economy. It also required government support for smaller labour-intensive farms at the expense of larger capital-intensive industries. Small scale units attracted government support and here the goal was to increase employment since they employed m ore workers per unit of output and capital. This resulted in discouraging economies of scale and encouraging high cost production. Hence India ended up having inefficient small scale industries and monopolistic large scale industries. India had one of the most protected economies in Asia and fortified it with policies such as import substitution, high tariff rates, import duties etc. The private sector produced most consumer goods but was controlled directly by several government regulations and financial institutions that provided major financing for large private-sector projects. Government emphasized self-sufficiency rather than foreign trade and imposed strict controls on imports and exports. In the 1950s, there was steady economic growth, but growth in the 1960s and 1970s were less encouraging. Hence people were forced to pay larger prices for consumer goods. There was a slowdown in the 1970s particularly due to the deceleration of the agricultural growth followed by a recovery in the 1980s. This pick-up was benefitted from the initiation of limited economic reforms introduced in the 1980s aimed at increasing the domestic competitiveness. There was high rate of industrial growth as result of the new policies which encouraged industry growth rate hence was higher and about 5. 5%. But when compared to China which introduced economic reforms as early as in 1978, India’s growth rate was low. India’s private industry started depending on short term loan from foreign agencies for their long term projects. They were encouraged by the new policies of the government. These loans had a maturity period averaging about 5 years. India’s foreign exchange reserves were not very high. Since 1985 there was Balance Of Payment (BOP) problems and by the end of 1990, India was in a serious economic crisis. In the year 1991, towards the middle of the year, India’s exchange rate was subjected to a severe adjustment. This event began with a slide in the value of the rupee leading up to the middle of the year 1991. The authorities at the Reserve Bank of India slowed the decline in value by expending foreign exchange reserves. With reserves nearly depleted, however, the exchange rate was devalued sharply on July 1 and July 3 against major foreign currencies. There was a huge demand on India’s foreign exchange reserves due to the maturity of international loans. Also precipitated by the gulf war India’s oil import bill swelled, the exports went down, credit dried up and investors pulled out their money. Over time, fiscal deficits had a spill over effect on trade deficit resulting in an external payments crisis. Add to this the collapse of the Soviet Union and the new Russian state under Boris Yeltsin started demanding repayment of all the loans. Since the fiscal deficit was met by borrowings, internal debt of the government accumulated rapidly reaching 53% of GDP at the end of 1990-91. Foreign exchange reserves had dried up. By the end of 1990, India was facing a grave economic crisis. The government had to secure an emergency loan of $2. 2 billion from the IMF by pledging 67 tons of Indias gold reserves as collateral. This helped tide over the crisis and also provided the stimulus for India’s economic reforms. Introduction of economic reforms and its impact In 1991, the new administration led by Narasimha Rao came to power . Dr. Manmohan Singh was appointed as finance minister. Dr. Singh (who is now the prime minister) unveiled a comprehensive program of economic reforms, which includes: * Recognizing the importance of the private sector as a leading engine of growth. * Greater reliance on market forces and competition as the primary means of increasing efficiency. * Opening the economy to international trade, foreign investment, and foreign technology. Economic reforms meant many things. It meant the lowering most tariff and non-tariff barriers to promote the trade of goods and services; it meant liberalizing many legal procedures related to investment, corporate taxation, trade, commercial banking, stock market activity and most importantly the recruitment and layoff of labour; it meant the disinvestment of public assets like public sector units; it meant paying special attention to the balancing of the budget or at least making some serious efforts at reducing the government budget deficit; it meant the gradual entry of foreign capital into the Indian economy (both as FDI as well as portfolio investment); it meant a gradual retreat of the government from the provision of social services like health and education and also meant the simultaneous encouragement of private capital to enter into these areas and many more similar changes. Growth (%) With economic reforms being introduced, economic growth accelerated. The economic reforms have put emphasis on the open mark et economic policies. The reform process has had some very beneficial effects on the Indian economy, including higher growth rates, lower inflation, and significant increases in foreign investment. Industrial growth was very high during the period 1992-97 in the enthusiasm of reforms. However, there was a significant slowdown during 1997-2002. As tariffs were reduced, import controls were lifted, and domestic competitive threats emerged at the same time, the initial protective effects of the devaluation of 1991 wore off and the Indian corporate sector, particularly in manufacturing, found itself in difficulty. The Indian corporate sector was therefore in the throes of significant technical restructuring, business process restructuring and financial restructuring, all at the same time. Though this process resulted in an industrial slowdown then, it has contributed to the industrial competitiveness that is now observed. There is a revival of manufacturing. Trade liberalisation and tariff reforms have provided increased access to Indian companies to the best inputs available globally at almost world prices. On the other hand, the gradual opening has enabled Indian companies to adjust adequately to be able to compete in world markets and with imports in the domestic economy. Indian Industry very soon adapted to the changes restructuring itself to meet the new challenges. Technology transfer and exposure from foreign nations improved the competiveness of the Indian industry. Foreign investments have come in various sectors and there has been a good growth in the standard of living, per capital income and Gross Domestic Product. The manufacturing sector is growing at a heartening rate. But it is the services sector which has shown the greatest growth and it grew in such a way that it now contributes more that 50% of India’s GDP. Software services along with the export of products is growing at a massive pace and thereby witnessed an unprecedented rise of 35. 5 percent and reached an amount of $ 18 billion in the period 2006-07. The Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sectors grew by 33. 5 percent and earned a revenue of $8. 4 billion. The service sector has also been focusing in various investments of late. As more liberalisation is being expected in the India economy, sectors like banking are on its way to loom large and occupy a more significant position in Indias economy. Along with the high rates of growth, employment opportunities have also increased. India is now a preferred destination for Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). India is now strong in telecommunication, Information Technology and other significant areas such as automobiles, auto components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals, and jewellery. Savings and investment rates have also dramatically increased. Imports and exports have increased considerably. India’s foreign exchange reserves now stand at about $295 billion. The growth rate now stands at about 8% and is stated to reach 10% and above in the next few years. Indian economy is now the eleventh largest in the world by nominal GDP and fourth largest by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Top 10 economies as of 2001| GDP PPP (International Billion dollars)| | 2001| 1980| | GDP| Rank| GDP| Rank| USA| 9792| 1| 2957| 1| China | 5111| 2| 421| 9| Japan| 3193| 3| 1085| 2| India | 2930| 4| 529| 5| Germany | 2057| 5| 803| 3| Italy | 1430| 6| 544| 4| UK | 1420| 7| 498| 7| France | 1420| 8| 518| 6| Brazil | 1269| 9| 467| 8| Canada| 843| 10| 274| 11| Select Indicators of Indias progress| | | | | | | Year| Per Capita Income (at 1993-94 prices in Rs)| Poverty (%)| Literacy (%)| Life Expectancy (Years)| Power Capacity (MW)| 1951| 3,687| 45| 18| 32| 1,362| 1961| 4,429| 45| 28| 41| 4,653| 1971| 5,002| 52| 34| 46| 14,709| 1981| 5,352| 43| 44| 50| 30,214| 1991| 7,321| 35| 52| 59| 64,000| 2001| 10,308| 26| 65| 65| 1,02,000| 2005| 12,414| 20| 68| 67| 1,18,419| The poverty rate has consistently declined. But this decline has not been accompanied by an improvement in the measures of social well-being. Inequality has increased during the post-reform period. There is a general feeling that the rich is getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. The rich-poor gap is growing and immediate steps have to be taken to address this problem. The situation of 80% of the nation’s wealth being in the hands of 20% of the population should be rectified and more equitable distribution ensured. Inclusive growth is the key to sustainable economic development. The post-reform period has not seen much efforts directed in this regard. Hence more efforts have to be made to ensure inclusive growth. Inflation has reached record levels during the post reform period, especially food inflation which is going up to alarming levels. While the service sector showed high growth, agriculture has witnessed stagnation in growth. In recent years the agricultural sector is showing declining levels of growth which needs to be taken seriously. Productivity is coming down. Irrigation and other facilities have not improved and there is still a dependence on the monsoons. Even the economy’s performance is still dependent on the monsoons which should throw light on the importance of the agricultural sector. Improved agricultural performance is not only important for sustaining economic growth but also for maintaining low and stable inflation levels. Volatile agricultural production and lower food stocks internationally are beginning to raise growing concerns about rising food prices influencing overall inflation both globally and in India. In the medium term, therefore, efforts would have to be directed towards not only improving the crop yields but also putting in place a market driven incentive system for agricultural crops for a practical solution to address the demand-supply mismatches and tackle food inflation. Sustained improvement in crop yields requires an enhanced focus on the revitalisation of agricultural research, developmental extension. Food security is an essential factor for the sustained development of an emerging economy like India. Hence the government should take the necessary steps in this regard to revive the agricultural sector which is now contributing about 18% of India’s GDP. The government must take all necessary steps to ensure that the impressive growth that we are now witnessing since the introduction of economic reforms is reaching down to all sections of the society including the poor. As of now growth has not led to equality. This problem should be addressed as soon as possible. Since many of the unfavourable factors both internal and external have now either gone or significant reduced, India should try to improve its efficiency in utilising its resources to realise its full potential in order to make a significant impact on poverty reduction, realise inclusive growth thereby ensuring sustained economic development.

Judith Not Wright essays

Judith Not Wright essays Judith Wright is a respected Australian poet is also known as a conservationist and protester. Her poetry has captured the most amazing imagery of Australian Culture. For Australian students to understand their own culture and history it is necessary to study the best poetry and Judith Wrights poetry is definitely some of the best. Her achievement in translating the Australian experience into poetry led in her best work to a rich inheritance of lyricism and directness. Through stories told by older workers on the property she learnt of the pioneers' part in both the destruction of the land and the dispossession and murder of the aboriginal people. The sense of fear she felt at invasion enabled her to understand, at some level, how the Aborigines would have felt. Judith Wright wrote about many things in her poems, which are necessary for Australian students to be taught which apply to learning about Australia. Australian culture is something Judith wrote about very strongly and this shows through her poem Bora Ring. Bora Ring is about the Aborigine culture and how it has been lost by the invasion of Europeans. The hunter is gone: the spear is splintered underground; the painted bodies a dream the world breathed sleeping and forgot. This is an incredible paragraph extracted from Bora Ring. This poem depicts perfectly of the European invasion of Australia. It shows how the traditions and stories are gone, how the hunting and rituals are gone and lost in an alien tale, the Europeans being the aliens. This poem also describes that it seemed as if the tradition of Aborigines was breathed sleeping and forgot. These are powerful words Judith Wright used to show how they Aborigines were quickly invaded and forgotten. This poem is an excellent example of why Australian students should study her poetry. Australian relationships are depicted per ...

Creating film script by myself (This is not an essay) Essay

Creating film script by myself (This is not an ) - Essay Example It was the phone ringing. Jessie stands up and walks to the corner of the room where a black phone is kept by the side. She picks up and answers The room is a huge platform which has a lot of seats for the proceedings to be witnessed by people. Brown chairs with windows on all the sides, sunlight is visible all over the room. The magistrate is seated in front of a huge green desk wearing glasses and reading a notepad. Officers in blue dress are seen to be standing in front of two large boxes where people can stand and testify. Two tables are kept in front of the huge desk of the magistrate where the defense attorney and the state attorney would take their seats. Jessie and Jones walk up to the chairs and have a seat so that the proceedings can begin. All the evidence is pointing towards the fact that Mrs Craig was the only one present at the crime scene. Do I have the permission of calling a security guard who is always present outside the home of Mrs Craig your honor? You may leave. Your honor as per my information Mr Craig was working in the real estate business and was involved with a bunch of property dealers who could be wanting his death. May I call upon his real close friend

Men and Their Role in the Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Men and Their Role in the Society - Essay Example Nobody can take that right away. It is the mother who gives protection for the initial nine months to the divine creative force of the future-male or female! A female child is victimized at every step of life, from the moment of birth, notwithstanding the fact that it is she who sacrifices at those steps. Women need to be the spiritual and legal equals of men. In my essay, I am going to argue that women not equal, but more equal than men and the scale of social justice should weigh in favor of the female gender. What stand women need to take if she is placed in circumstances totally unfavorable to her in life-situations? Ask Janie Crawford in the novel, â€Å"Their eyes were Watching God.† She lived her life in its trials, tribulations, duty, and beauty! She carried on with the firm conviction - it is better to deserve without receiving than to receive without deserving! Her character is introduced thus: â€Å"But for most black women readers discovering â€Å"Their eyes were Watching God,† for the first time, what was compelling was the figure of Janie Crawford - powerful, articulate, self-reliant, and radically different from any women character they had ever before encountered in literature.†(Foreword. xi) To Janie, empowerment of black women is not a concession; it is her birthright. Notwithstanding her remarkable achievements in literature, by 1950s, she was almost living in incognito, working as a maid in a Florida Hotel. That must have made her remain in constant touch with the ground realities of the people in general, and gave her time to think about the common man. She has her own style of depicting black-white relationships. This particular novel â€Å"affirms black cultural traditions while revising them to empower black women.† (p.xii)The greatest tribute to her and her themes in the novel comes from Alice Walker.

Popular Culture and Contemporary Communication Essay

Popular Culture and Contemporary Communication - Essay Example It also brings the idea of culture development among fans as a result of their beliefs and views of their celebrities. The question is whether these artists and designers or rather celebrities afford not to understand the productive nature fan culture in their societies and careers or not. This essay will look into the lucid analysis of the essay question with reference to various available literary sources. To begin with, the term celebrity comes from the French word, ‘celebre’ with a meaning of well known in the public arena. In English terms, it is a synonym or related to words such as being thronged or fame. Fandom, which refers to a collection of fans, plays a significant role in the link between celebrity and the public. There are reasons behind the connection between celebrities and their fans. Duchesne Scott interprets the convergence of celebrity and fan at fantasy and fiction conventions in various ways. He interprets it as a 21st century spiritual pilgrimage, nerd tourism in its unique form, or simply an amalgam or, a combination of the three. He goes ahead to state that synergy is the fundamental or the basis of the relationship between fans and celebrities at events like that. Synergy originates from the Greek word, â€Å"Sunergia† meaning cooperation or â€Å"Sunergos† meaning working together1. ... In addition, the convention also represents corporate synergy. This happens when celebrity and fans interact as sellers and buyers negotiating revenues and costs to attain a mutually satisfactory economic profit. Henry Jenkins’ book â€Å"Convergence Culture†, tells more about fan culture. Henry argues that the current mass media and technology has taken a step and moved to a more practical and participatory convergence culture where the traditional or the default flow from producer to consumer has been interfered with. He argues that currently the consumer has become the producer and created the media which he or she wants and likes most. Convergence culture gives small communities around the world opportunities to gather concentrate on particular topics and as well as ensure the production of media and information among several things on this particular topic. Fans do take primary objects and texts and resources to develop on, build and have fun with. They do not simp ly consume the texts. They instead reread them as well as produce new culture from them. Typical popular examples of fan culture are Dr. Who and Star Trek. Henry goes ahead to state that fan culture has some five common and definite features: first, an individual who does appropriate a particular work, texts and practice related to fan objects2. Usually, these fan objects are reinterpreted in the lives of these individuals. The second characteristic is participation. There is always an openness of different people to participate at certain levels within the community. Normally, they get seriously inspired by it, thus they create events and write music about it. The third feature that Henry illustrate in the book is that of emotional

A Problem Question on Company Law

A Problem Question on Company Law Issue The case is about a large flower shop where the conflict between a manager and the two workers arose. The employer of the manager, James, pays him a salary of $100,000 per year to manage the business, which includes some 15 employees, including 2 cleaners and 6 flower arrangers. Two flower arrangers, Dan and Sam, have been pestering the manager for weeks about getting an increase in their hourly rate. The manager has repeatedly explained to Dan and Sam that he cannot agree to a pay rise without first speaking to James, and that as he is overseas, that will not happen until the end of the month. Dan and Sam are becoming increasingly frustrated with his refusal to consider their request. One Wednesday morning(the busiest day), Dan and Sam confront the manager and tell him that unless he agrees to increase their hourly rate by $5 per hour, they are going to walk out with the 4 other flower arrangers, leaving the manager to fulfil the orders on his own. The manager has no choice but to agree to their request, as there are four wedding orders that must be done today. The manager prom ­ises to adjust their pay as requested. Once the day is finished, you sit down and consider the ramifications. This essay argues that: Is the manager legally obliged to keep his promise? What are the legal remedies? If the manager did not agree to their terms, and they walked out, what would he has been able to do if the orders weren’t fulfilled and the business lost $10,000/-? Law Stilk v Myrick [1809] [1] is a contract law case of the English High Court on the subject of consideration. In his verdict, the judge, decided that in cases where an individual was bound to do a duty under an existing contract, that duty could not be considered valid consideration for a new contract. According to the Law of Employment [2] Eachcontract[[3]] of employment contains terms and conditions by which the parties of the contract i.e. empoyer and employee regulate their relationship. These terms may be in black white or spoken. More often, the appointment letters, job descriptions, policy manuals, workplace rules practicesare considered to be the part of terms of the contract. Such terms impose a legal binding on both of the parties of contract to perform their consideration in adequate manner. These terms can also include restrictions such as period of employment, amount of wage, serving of notice periods, etc Application According to the aforemetioned case, Stilk v Myrick [1809] and keeping in view the principle of precedent, the manager is not legally obliged to keep his promise, because there was no additional consideration, fulfilled by the workers who remained at the flower shop against the additional pay which they claimed. Before they start pestering the manager for the salary increase they had undertaken to do all that they could under all the circumstances at the workplace. They had sold all their services at the previous wage rate. Therefore, without looking to the policy of this agreement, it is void for want of extra pay for the same consideration which they committed before, and that the plaintiff can only recover the same, without making any claim for legal remedies. As discussed above, if the terms of agreement carries any binding of serving a fixed employment period or a notice period before leaving the employment then the employees could not blackmail the manager by saying that they will quite immediately, if no arise of pay is made by the manager. In this scenario, the employees will be liable to pay for the damages resulted by their breach of employment contract. Such damages can be calculated by two ways: The Expectation Interest [4] and The Reliance Interest [5]. Conclusion In view of above and the principle of precedent [6], it can be concluded that due to no offereing of any additional consideration from the end of flower arrangers and trying to blackmail the manager for promising them to pay extra wage, the promise made by the manager becomes null and void and has no legal value. Thus, the manager is not legally obliged to keep his promise and for any of the legal remedies. Bibliography Books Contract Law, 7th Edition by Poole, Jill Contract Law, 7th Edition by McKendrick, Ewan Black Law Dictionary, 5th Edition Articles Legal Studies by P Luther, ‘Campbell, Espinasse and the Sailors’ [1999] ‘Consideration: Practical Benefit and the Emperor’s New Clothes’ by M Chen-Wishart, in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law[1995] by J Beatson and D Friedmann Weblinks The Law Handbook [http://www.lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/] [1] Stilk was contracted to work on a ship owned by Myrick for  £5 a month, promising to do anything needed in the voyage regardless of emergencies. After the ship docked at Cronstadt two men deserted, and after failing to find replacements the captain promised the crew the wages of those two men divided between them if they fulfilled the duties of the missing crewmen as well as their own. After arriving at their home port the captain refused to pay the crew the money he had promised to them. When the matter was brought in front of the court the decision was made by the Judge, that since the crew members made no extra performance as consideration of the contract, thus they are not entitled to receive any extra wage for that. [2] Thetype of lawthatgovernstheemployer and employeerelationship, which includesemploymentcontracts of individuals. [3] An oral or written agreement, such as relating to employment, sales, etc, that has ability of enforceablity by law. [4] The court aim to put the plaintiff in the position which he would have been in, if the contract had been performed. [5] The court aim to put the plaintiff in the position which he would have been in, if the contract had not formed [6] A precedent is a principle or rule established in a previouslegal casethat is either binding on or persuasive for acourtor other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues orfacts.

Marijuana: The Legalization :: social issues

Marijuana: The Legalization Their Side: After the sustaining vote in November of 1996 and coming into effect the beginning of this year, marijuana is now legal to medical patients in California and Arizona. Proposition 215 reads as follows: The people of the State of California hereby find and declare that the purposes of the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 are as follows: (A) To ensure that seriously ill Californians have the right to obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes where that medical use is deemed appropriate and has been recommended by a physician who has determined that the person's health would benefit from the use of marijuana in the treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or any other illness for which marijuana provides relief. (B) To ensure that patients and their primary care givers obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes upon the recommendation of a physician are not subject to criminal prosecution or sanction. C. To encourage the federal and state governments to implement a plan for the safe and affordable distribution of marijuana to all patients in medical need of marijuana. (Proposition 215 Section 11362.5) Of course, it goes on and breaks into fine detail into which I choose not to venture. To summarize it all, if you're sick, or think you are, your doc can get you some pot. Just like that. So what's so great about this? It supposedly brings relief to those with terminal illnesses. (Such were listed in 215) Cancer sufferers who are inflicted with nausea due to chemotherapy have reported that a puff or two of a marijuana cigarette relieves the pain. (Theorized after study by psychiatrist Lester Grinspoon of Harvard Medical School) It has also been reported to relieve the pain suffered by AIDS patients. Despite all this great relief, one question remains unanswered, what about the side effects? Exactly how harmful and addicting is this stuff? MY SIDE: (the important stuff) My personal opinion: Marijuana should remain illegal because of the enormous side effects and addiction that results after using the drug. My first fact to back my opinion would have to be this, marijuana is what it is, a drug! You can't change that no matter how many people vote on it. Sure, there are prescription drugs on the market that are potentially dangerous but their effects are nothing compared to that of marijuana.

Enlightenment and Constitution

Enlightenment and the Constitution The United States is a nation established in 1776 on a set of principles: liberty, equality, and self-government. These ideals derived in part from broad lessons of history, from the colonist, and treatises such as those of Locke and Rousseau. Liberty is a principle that individuals should be free to act and think as they choose, as long as their actions don’t infringe on the rights and freedoms of others. Equality is a notion that all individuals are equal and entitled to equal treatment under the law.Self-government is the principle that the people are the ultimate source and proper beneficiary of governing authority. These principles were the foundation for the United States set forth and written by our founding fathers, but taken from rulers and minds of Europeans during the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment was an eighteenth- century intellectual movement whose proponents believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem (Hunt, Lynn, Martin & Rosenwein, page 545).During this period the rulers, writers, and thinkers gave the back bone to the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. Although before we get to this period and how it shaped the United States we will have to go back a little further to 1651. In 1651 an English philosopher Thomas Hobbes had his work Leviathan published. Hobbes argued that government rests on a social contract in which the people give up certain freedoms they would have in a state of nature in return for the protection that a sovereign ruler can provide.Almost a half of a century later, an English philosopher, John Locke, used Hobbes concept of social contract in his Second Treatise on Civil Government. Locke claimed that all individuals have certain inalienable rights, including those of life, liberty, and property. When people form a government for securing their safety, they retain these individual righ ts. However Locke saw the social contract a bit differently.The agreement to submit to governing authority is based on the premise that government will protect these rights, if the government fails to the people can overthrow the government and form a new one( Patterson,page 14-15, 30). Thomas Jefferson declared that Locke â€Å"was one of the three greatest men that ever lived. † Jefferson paraphrased Locke’s ideas in passages of the Declaration of Independence. Including those that, â€Å"all men are created equal,† that government derive â€Å"their just powers from the consent of the government,† and that â€Å"it is the right of the people to alter or abolish a tyrannical government. The Declaration was a call of revolution rather than a framework for government. However the ideas contained in the document: liverty, equality, individual rights, self-government became the basis for the Constitution of the United States (Patterson, page 30). In Voltai re’s, Treatise on Toleration and Jean Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract we find more Enlightenment thinkers ideas framed in the Constitution. The ideas the Constitution receives from these works are the basis for Amendment I, freedom of religion.Voltaire states in A Treatise on Tolertion,† Religion was instituted to make us happy in this life and in the other. † â€Å"Christians should tolerate each other. † â€Å"I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as brothers, are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God? † Voltaire is setting the basis for freedom of religion, saying that the people must show Universal Tolerance for all. Rousseau takes it even further in The Social Contract.He states, â€Å"it is of importance to the State that each citizen should have a religion requiring his devotion to duty, however the dogmas of that religion are of no interest to the State. † Rousseau sets forth the idea that the government shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, as stated by the First Amendment of the Constitution. Finally Cesare Beccarria and Empress Catherine the Great both have an idea that resides in the Constitution. That idea is that all men are innocent until proven guilty.In Beccarria’s Crime and Punishment he states, â€Å"No man can be judged a criminal until he be found guilty: nor can society take from him the public protection until it have been proven that he has violated the conditions on which it was granted. Empress Catherine states in her Proposal for a New Legal Code in Russia, â€Å"No man ought to be looked upon as guilty, before he has received his judicial sentence; nor can the Laws deprive him of their protection when it is yet dubious, whether he is Innocent or Guilty?. The United States is a nation established in 1776 on a set of principles: liberty, equality, and self-governme nt. These ideals derived in part from broad lessons of history, from the colonist, and treatises from the Enlightenment Period. Men and women from Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Cesare Beccarria, and Empress Catherine the Great have given ideas that our founding fathers saw and deemed worthy to be put in the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson himself based many ideas in the Declaration of Independence from concepts written by John Locke that became the basis for the Constitution of the United States.Where would the United States be without these enlightened minds from Europe? Works Cited Beccarria, Cesare, Crime and Punishment Catherine the Great, Proposal for a New Legal Code in Russia Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin and Barbara H. Rosenwein; The Making of the West Bedford/St. Matin’s, Boston, New York, 2009 Locke, John, Second Treatise Patterson, Thomas E. , The American Democracy, Mc Graw Hill, New York, NY, 2009 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Social Contract Voltaire, T reatise on Toleration Europe?

What Is a placebo

What Is a placebo A placebo is a procedure or substance with no inherent medicinal value. Placebos are often used in statistical experiments, especially those involving pharmaceutical testing, in order to control the experiment as much as possible. We will examine the structure of experiments and see the reasons for using a placebo. Experiments Experiments typically involve two different groups: an experimental group and a control group. The members of the control group do not receive the experimental treatment and the experimental group does. In this way, we are able to compare the responses of members in both groups. Any differences that we observe in the two groups may be due to the experimental treatment. But how can we be sure? How do we really know if an observed difference in a response variable is the result of an experimental treatment? These questions address the presence of lurking variables. These kinds of variables influence the response variable but are often hidden. When dealing with experiments involving human subjects we should always be on the lookout for lurking variables. A careful design of our experiment will limit the effects of lurking variables. Placebos are one way to do this. Use of Placebos Humans can be difficult to work with as subjects for an experiment. The knowledge that one is a subject of an experiment and a member of a control group can affect certain responses. The act of receiving a medication from a doctor or nurse has a powerful psychological effect on some individuals. When someone thinks they are being given something that will produce a certain response, sometimes they will exhibit this response. Because of this, sometimes doctors will prescribe placeboes with therapeutic intent, and they can be effective treatments for some issues.   To mitigate any psychological effects of the subjects, a placebo can be given to the members of the control group. In this way, every subject of the experiment, in both the control and experimental groups, will have a similar experience of receiving what they think is medication from a health professional. This also has the added benefit of not revealing to the subject if he or she is in the experimental or control group. Types of Placebos A placebo is designed to be as close to the means of administration of the experimental treatment as possible. Thus placebos can take on a variety of forms. In the testing of a new pharmaceutical drug, a placebo might be a capsule with an inert substance. This substance would be chosen to have no medicinal value and is sometimes referred to as a sugar pill. It is important that the placebo mimic the experimental treatment as closely as possible. This controls the experiment by providing a common experience for everyone, no matter which group they are in. If a surgical procedure is the treatment for the experimental group, then a placebo for the members of the control group could take the form of a faked surgery. The subject would go through all of the preparation and believe that he or she was operated on, without the surgical procedure actually being performed.

Comparación entre la visa K-3 y green card

Comparacià ³n entre la visa K-3 y green card Si eres un ciudadano americano y ests casado con un extranjero que se encuentra fuera de EEUU puedes reclamarlo con una K-3 o con una tarjeta de residencia,  ¿quà © es mejor? Si te has casado y no sabes cul es el camino ms rpido y conveniente para que tu esposo/a venga a los Estados Unidos a vivir contigo como residente permanente legal lee esta comparativa antes de decidir quà © hacer. Elementos comunes a la K-3 y a la solicitud de la tarjeta de residencia para un esposo mediante el formulario I-130 En ambos casos tà º, el ciudadano americano, tienes que enviar la solicitud al Servicio de Ciudadanà ­a e Inmigracià ³n (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Si la aprueba, contactar directamente con el consulado correspondiente.El consulado citar a tu esposo/a para una entrevista y ser el oficial consular el que decida si aprueba la solicitud de visa K-3 o de la tarjeta de residencia, segà ºn la peticià ³n que tà º le presentaste al USCIS. Quà © pasa si solicitas una K-3 para tu cà ³nyuge La K-3 una visa que permite al esposo/a de un ciudadano americano entrar en Estados Unidos. Una vez aquà ­ deber realizar un ajuste de estatus para conseguir la greencard.  A consecuencia de ello hay que dedicar unos seis meses a esta tramitacià ³n. Quà © pasa si solicitas una tarjeta de residencia Si en la entrevista el oficial consular aprueba la peticià ³n, entonces tu cà ³nyuge recibir una visa de inmigrante para entrar en Estados Unidos. Cuando llega a la frontera y le sellan el pasaporte se convierte en residente permanente legal. Y en unos meses recibir por correo ordinario la tarjeta de residencia. (pero residente es desde el momento en que entra a Estados Unidos).  ¿Cul es la ventaja y desventaja de la K-3 sobre la peticià ³n del permiso de residencia? Hubo un tiempo en el que las K-3 se tramitaban de una manera ms rpida y por eso habà ­a quien las preferà ­a para acortar el tiempo en el que los esposos permanecà ­an separados. Sin embargo,  hoy en dà ­a esto ya no es asà ­. El tiempo de demora de las tarjetas de residencia para los esposos de los ciudadanos que se encuentran en otro paà ­s varà ­a entre los seis meses y el aà ±o, en la mayorà ­a de los casos. Depende en gran medida de la oficina del USCIS que tramite la peticià ³n y del consulado en el que tiene lugar la entrevista. Otra desventaja de la K-3 que puede afectar a algunas parejas es que la entrevista consular ha de realizarse en el paà ­s en el que se celebrà ³ la boda (excepto si es Estados Unidos, en cuyo caso tendr lugar en el consulado del paà ­s en el que viva el novio extranjero). Por ejemplo, si una pareja donde la novia es de Estados Unidos y el novio de Colombia deciden casarse en Parà ­s durante un viaje romntico, tienen que saber que la entrevista para el visado no va a tener lugar en ningà ºn consulado colombiano, sino en uno francà ©s. Asà ­ que habrà ­a que viajar a otro paà ­s, con el consiguiente gasto.  ¿Cul es la ventaja de pedir directamente la tarjeta de residencia? Que el cà ³nyuge extranjero se convierte en residente nada ms pisar suelo de los Estados Unidos y ser procesado por un oficial de Inmigracià ³n en la aduana. No es necesario realizar un ajuste de estatus. Y como el tiempo de tramitacià ³n se ha reducido y se asemeja al de las visas K-3, realmente la opcià ³n ms ventajosa en la mayorà ­a de los casos es la de reclamar una tarjeta de residencia para el cà ³nyuge extranjero. A tener en cuenta Tanto en los casos de visas K-3 como de peticiones de tarjetas de residencia, la greencard ser condicional por dos aà ±os si los esposos llevan menos de dos aà ±os casados. Toma este test de respuestas mà ºltiples sobre la tarjeta de residencia.  ¡Te ayudar a evitar cometer errores! Documentos para realizar las peticiones En ambos casos necesitas rellenar la planilla (forma) I-130. Una vez que es aprobada por el USCIS (te lo notificar con un documento conocido como I-797), si deseas seguir el camino de la visa K-3 debers rellenar el formulario I-129F, incluir una copia del I-797 y enviarlo a la oficina de Dallas del USCIS.

What is intellectual culture and how do college students and teachers Essay

What is intellectual culture and how do college students and teachers might promote it - Essay Example Culture on the other hand relates to the way of life of a certain group of individuals that possess similar characteristics in the manner they approach issues or behave. From the college concept, intellectual culture will therefore entail developing culture that ensures value as well as supporting an intellectual approach to problems while it may also imply adopting concepts as well as methods comprising of cultures agreeable from an intellectual perspective. College students and teachers might promote intellectual culture through overcoming stereotypes, advocating on team work and adhering to rules. Overcoming stereotypes certainly an essential factor to ensure achievement of intellectual culture. Teachers knowing the students and understanding their academic capabilities while students understand their teachers is essential. Overcoming these stereotypes is essential as all parties become well positioned without barriers to effective learning that as a result ensures creation of an intellectual culture where the students and teachers work towards a common goal of academic excellence. Other than overcoming stereotypes, enhancing team work is an essential factor in creating intellectual culture within a College institution. Creation of team work ensures innovation, developing of learning approaches and critical thinking. Working together as a team ensures team members develop their learning approaches relating to how they tackle questions relating to various questions as they learn from their peers (Ferrari 79). Innovation is also enhanced among team members owing to the fact that a team finds it easier to start a project as opposed to an individual. Since group work involves discussions, and analysis of projects through presenting ideas or brainstorming, critical thinking is ensured among the group members. While overcoming stereotypes and teamwork prove essential in ensuring promoting intellectual culture, adhering to rules

Physics of racing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physics of racing - Research Paper Example 2). Several formulas will determine the calculations made in the research paper to determine several aspects of the mechanics involved in motorcar racing. Introduction The wide-ranging goal of the research paper is to put forward a new prospect on racing physics, comprehensible to the practically motivated non-specialist (Beckman, 2002, p. 6). There are a number of problems that are frequently regarded from a range of sources, capable of preventing quality results from determining the physics behind racing. Regularly, these issues are inclined by automated simulation, and they regularly come up from contest experiences. This research paper will also get extremely technical, attempting to balance a conceptual discourse that every individual ought to get to comprehend. Through an arithmetic analysis, the following paper may be of great interest just to physicists, and with numerical outcomes that might once more be available to all analysts worldwide. Weight transfer Balancing a vehicl e is directing weight transfer through the use of acceleration, brakes and piloting. Applying the brakes adjusts weight to the anterior part of the vehicle, enabling the driver to prompt over-steering of the vehicle. In a similar fashion, throttling adjusts the weight of the vehicle to the back of the vehicle, prompting under-steering and cornering adjusts weight to the reverse side, unpacking the interior part of the wheels (Beckman, 2002, p. 12). The reason behind this adjustment in the weight of the vehicle is that inertia acts via the center of gravity (CG) of the vehicle, which is on top of the ground level. At the same time, adhesive forces act at ground levels via the touching base spots of the wheels. The impacts of weight transfer are relative to the elevation of the CG from the ground. If a much flatter vehicle with a decreased CG was involved in racing, its handling would be much improved and velocity would be higher because weight transfer is not very extreme in comparis on with a much less flat vehicle. The measurement of inert friction is not precisely a constant. Under driving circumstances, numerous effects are used to decrease inert friction of an excellent autocross wheel to an estimated 1.10G (Beckman, 2002, p. 21). These outcomes are a refraction of the wheel, suspension motion, heat and the inflation compression. Nevertheless, the relativity law still stands sensibly true under these circumstances. When the vehicle is accosting, braking, or throttling at the edge, this implies that the adhesive parameters of the wheels can cause them to unload by the weight transfer’s shifting from sticking to sliding off the ground. Each time a vehicle tilts a little or gets a little sideways, the vehicle will most likely lose the race if the mistake is not made up through recovery of laps. Certain calculations formulas and elements can be used to determine the forces and inclinations vehicles and their drivers can make to succeed in a race. For ins tance, in order to make a right turn, a force indicating the right is obliged to act on the vehicle that steer it away from the unbent line it unsurprisingly attempts to pursue. Should the force remain steady, the vehicle will be inclined to move in a circular manner (Beckman, 2002, p. 29). Basic laws Basically, there are three laws that have to be agreed so as

Improving Patient Services Intitiative & Standards in a Community Article

Improving Patient Services Intitiative & Standards in a Community Services Program - Article Example ll not only force an organization to develop and define its quality mission, but also ensure that the processes can be understood and actualized by all involved (Santiago, 1999; Hall et al, 2003). Several studies have shown intervention models that have improved the quality of health care and reduced the health care costs. One is the Total Quality Management (TQM) described as the â€Å"development of an organizational culture which is defined by, and supports, the constant attainment of customer satisfaction through an integrated system of tools, techniques and training† (Sashkin and Kiser, 1993 as mentioned in Walsh, Hughes & Maddox, 2002, p. 299). Since customer satisfaction is the goal of TQM, it should have an in-built culture of continuous improvement by focusing on an organisation’s activities on eradicating the causes of defective products and services which should never reach the customer. Blades (1995) discussed the Baxter Health Care Ltd. model for promoting quality improvement. The model involves coming up with pictorial signs to educate or remind staff of the high quality they need to render. These were initially used as slides for training and then turned to posters. It provides a framework for both analysis and education on quality issues, focusing on the elements of total quality management namely communication; commitment; customer focus and continuous improvement. Piette, Ellis, et al (2002) conducted a study with the purpose of determining the most effective quality of care using the facility’s ethical practices. In the study, constant monitoring and investigation ensure quality outcomes. A leadership council was formed, meeting monthly to discuss and communicate regarding corporate compliance and personnel programs, clinical outcomes reviews, and clinical issues. All committees and councils reported to the Board of Directors on the progress of their project. The study design utilized a clinical practice committee breakdown of the

Subsidize University Fees For Low Income Group Essay Example for Free

Subsidize University Fees For Low Income Group Essay INTRODUCTION: Globally, there is increasing demand for higher education, especially from the youth population of developing countries, as it is viewed as an important pathway for greater social mobility (Devesh, 2008). According to the World Trade Organization (WTO 2010), private returns from higher education are high for both developed and developing countries. In developing countries, the wage differential between a secondary school leaver and a university graduate is estimated to be as high as 200%. Besides the wage premium, rapidly changing technology in a globalized world is also demanding new and changing competencies that require life-long learning skills, for which mature students often have to go back to college for re-training and re-skilling. Malaysia is one of the most subsidized nations in the world. Its total subsidy of RM74 billion in 2009 is equivalent to RM12,900 per household or 4.6 per cent of GDP even higher than Indonesia (2.7 per cent) Philippines (0.2 per cent). Out of the numbers, RM 30.8 billion goes to Primary, secondary, higher education and scholarships. Higher education in Malaysia is divided into 2 sectors; public and non-public sector, there are about 20 universities and 6 university colleges (the term â€Å"university college† is used to for those tertiary level education institutions that are able to confer their own degrees but have not achieved university status). In the non-public sector there are 559 institutions of varying types including: universities and university colleges and foreign university branch campuses. The term â€Å"non-public† refers to the broad category of institutions not funded by the state. A division between private and for-profit institutions exists within this category, but is not entirely clear. Outside of these categories are polytechnics (24) and community colleges (37), which will not be dealt with this profile. The Higher Education Department within the Ministry of Education, co-ordinates and monitors the activities of public and private universities and colleges. Because of government’s large investments in higher education, issues of government involvement and university autonomy arise. Currently, students  are assigned to specific universities based on their cumulative grade point averages, faculty members are essentially civil servants with highly fixed salaries, and vice chancellors and deans are appointed by the state. Malaysian public higher education students must pay tuition and other fees and cover their living costs (though accommodations on campus are subsidized by the government). Solid financing is the backbone of a well-functioning higher education system. The decision to attend tertiary education has monetary and non-monetary variables. In Malaysia the cost of tertiary education (tuition fees) and associated living costs affect how much a cash constraint can discourage otherwise talented students from enrolling and completing higher education. Currently many kinds of subsidies exist such as government owned and operated school (public and private universities state colleges), subsidized loans, grants and scholarships. THE â€Å"PROS† TOWARDS GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY: Why does government need to intervene in the market for education? That is, doesn’t the market produce the â€Å"right† amount of education? If the market outcome is not right, what is the best way to intervene? To answer these questions, we first need to consider the basic model of education. In the economic model of education, every person in society has a certain amount of brain power, skill, knowledge, understanding, and the like. All those factors other than our â€Å"unskilled† labor allow us to produce output. We can think of all these factors as one, the composite factors which is human capital. It is very useful to think of human capital as analogous to physical capital. Durable: continues to have value over time, can decrease over time due to â€Å"depreciation† and can increase due to â€Å"investments†. Acquiring education is like making a physical investment, improves the quantity and/or quality of the human capital. The purpose is to increase productivity and that’s for sure. Hence, there are a few drawbacks if the Malaysian government didn’t subsidized university education tuition fees. Family income determines whether the student can afford the costs of the university or college. First issue related to monetary variables and non-monetary variables will lead to a drop line of a higher education access. This has made many young talents and bright students fail to enter university and are a loss to future generation. This is due to: †¢Cost benefits barrier – the barrier arises when the group decides that the cost of attending university is greater than its expected return to the education investment. †¢Cash constraints barrier – occurs when the students who have decided that the returns to education outweigh the costs still cannot put together the resources to obtain entry to universities. †¢Debt aversion barrier – arises when an individual refuses to use the funds at his or her disposal because part of the funds might be loans, which at some point will have to be repaid. †¢Parental education, race and ethnicity, gender and geographical location – all play a role in the college decision-making process. Of course there are many reasons why government should step in. Subsidy indirectly can reduce crime. Of course crime is clearly an externality in this context. The actions of others affect us and they are not negatively compensated. If we look at current situation there is an extremely strong relationship between crime and education. Well at least for three reasons: †¢Pure human capital motive – education related to income, and people with higher income have less incentive to commit crime. †¢Direct schooling effect – classes makes students smarter so realize that crime doesn’t pay at all. †¢Opportunity cost of time – students are busy at faculty so actually in other words have less time to commit crime. Escalating expenditure for public higher education has ked the government to adopt a cost-sharing system in which students and parents shoulder and increasing share of the costs. The MARA financial aid scheme was converted in January 1998 to a 100% loan scheme except for loans given out under the Excellent Student Scheme. The National Higher Education Fund Corporation (PTPTN) was established for the purpose of offering subsidized loans to help students meet the costs of enrolling a local higher education institution.  It is also designed to ensure that there would be loans available for Malays to afford both public and private higher education so that the targeted ethnic composition of enrolment in higher education is maintained. THE DEBATE TOWARDS GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY: When the government is in the business of handing out money, interest groups lobby to get it, or advocate receiving more than they are already getting. So, it is with spending on higher education. Over the long run, the funding for those areas has increased dramatically. Taxpayers should be skeptical of the current reasons for subsidizing universities further. There are few arguments are dubious for five main reasons stated below in regards with government subsidy related to university fees. It can be elaborate and debate as the following: There is no link between higher education subsidies and economic growth, and none between universities or college degrees and job creation. Malaysia has spent a much higher proportion of personal income on federal and state government to support for higher education. States with a higher proportion of university and college graduates do not necessarily grow by adding more college degrees. For now, the country is currently experiencing a rather worrying unemployment especially among young graduates. Excess of the graduates is unable to meet domestic open vacancy in any sector since most of them are experiencing the freezing phase of job vacancy. Thus its shows there are no linkage at all between higher education qualifications with job vacancies. Indirectly it could not keep the countrys economy. More subsidies equals to more waste. The number of academicians, staff, administrators and service staff at all 20 universities and 6 university colleges increased at a faster rate than full-time equivalent students over the same time period. At the same time, the compensation for the average employees increased too for sure. Colleges set tuition rates relative to supply and demand, but the government subsidies distort this process and inflate the cost. That’s why private universities such as Sunway International College and Lim Kok Wing University which receive no government funding, do a much better job at keeping down the cost of tuition. At the present time the federal government already spends billions of dollars subsidizing universities, whether it is money for Lecturer’s salaries, buildings, or the millions of dollars provided for research. The cost of classes and tuition picks up only small portion of the tab. Aside from that, there are many people who do not deserve or would not make the best of the education provided. Scholarships and government grants are available for people who have worked hard and earned the opportunity, but to hand it over to everyone for free are insane. When comparing earning power between college graduates and non-graduates, correlation is not causation, and the actual cost of universities or collage matters. Proponents of more funding for higher education almost always cite the same statistic as their main point: Overall, universities and college graduates tend to make more money in their lifetime than those without a degree. But this assumes that the degree caused the higher earnings, rather than the fact that those who complete college are already more likely to be financially successful whether they attend university or not. The common figure cited is that a college degree is worth MYR1 million over the lifetime of a worker. Besides ignoring the point above, this is a poor exercise in statistics. The number is arrived at by taking the difference between the average pay of a university and college graduate and the average pay of a non-universities and college graduate and multiplying it over a 40-year career. First, that only tells us what the average is today, not what the actual future earnings are. Second, this assumes that all universities and college degrees have the same value. For example, it assumes that a Bachelor of Arts in art history is the same as a Bachelor of Science in quantum physics. Most significantly, it ignores many important factors: taxes, the real salary data of today’s graduates, the opportunity cost of going to college (how much someone would earn during those years in school), the fact that large proportions of student’s starts school and do not finish, and, most  importantly, student loan debt. Keep in mind that government may be funding someone’s desire to paint or be involved in the arts which do not advance society enough to justify the cost. Perhaps if everyone were taking physics, biology, or computer sciences in order to contribute in a meaningful way post grad it would be a different story. Also the amount of people in college is at the highest it’s ever been. In fact a BA or BS degree is essentially required now for low level jobs and a Masters or Doctorate is needed to advance up the ladder. Ensuring that everyone has university or college schooling would not enhance the labor market – it would dilute a university degree. The assumption among many is that every career should require a higher education. This belief leads to subsidies for subjects with little practicality in the workforce and areas where a student may be better off doing an apprenticeship or working for four years than attending more school. Pushing for everyone to go to universities or college does not automatically make those students university-ready; it lowers the overall standards of higher education. This has led to a high dropout rate, more repeated classes for those in school and an explosion of marginal subjects in which many degree-holders are forced to work outside that field because of a lack of demand. In short, incentivizing degrees students do not ever use. Higher education may be the next bubble to burst. Much like the housing bubble, higher education is fueled by government subsidies, publicly-backed loans and incentives that say everyone should be doing something. Lately tuition costs have risen steeply well above inflation while colleges compete to expand into areas outside of their main purpose and taking on more debt to do so. At the same time, competition from other sectors, like online education, offer cheaper alternatives to the bread-and-butter of university academia. It is important for citizens to be educated, both to learn a job and to better be able to respond to a changing marketplace. But there is a difference between education and schooling. Spending more money to send  people to get a specific number of degrees at a specific institution is different from education. Education comes in the form of apprenticeships, trade schools and time on the job learning. And education is something you can’t force on someone else. Just putting someone in college does make force them to learn anything. Education is a personal matter, and more subsidies will only influence a persons decision to learn or not to learn at the barest of margins. Higher education can build new skills, enhance old ones and show prospective employers that students are able to put in the time to earn a degree. But the value of a degree varies — by the institution, the cost, the time and the subject. From an individual’s perspective, private universities and colleges may be worth the cost. But for a growing number, it’s not. And government subsidies, where political incentives trump market realities, only worsen that problem CONCLUSION: Education issues remain an important priority in developing countries. Because resources are limited and ensuring adequate allocation is a struggle for many countries including Malaysia itself. The delivery of educational services has become a challenge. Malaysia, like other countries in Southeast Asia, faces similar challenges in ensuring the allocation of appropriate funding for efficient and equitable educational services in order to promote access to quality education for all social groups. While Malaysia faces many challenges amid rapid global chances, we can draw on a number of strengths and unique advantages as we take purposeful policy actions to move forward. Education is not preparation for life; education is a life by itself. From the job market to tertiary education, from UPSR to A-Levels, Education in Malaysia focuses on bringing us the latest news and analysis on our nation’s best bet on the future. The future earnings of the individual typically constitute an adequate return on the gross investment in obtaining higher education. Moreover, providing  subsidy university and college education to all is a rather inefficient way to serve the interest of poor students since a large proportion of students who acquire higher education come from relatively well-off families. Raising demand for higher education and the need to produce a critical mass of highly educated and skilled workers for a knowledge economy has led to the massification of Malaysian higher education. However, escalating higher public education expenditure led the government to adopt a cost sharing system where students and parents shoulder and increasing share of the cost for acquiring a higher education.